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\begin{document}

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\section*{four squares solution}

\hypertarget{solution_to_the_four_squares_puzzle}{}\section*{{Solution to the Four Squares Puzzle}}\label{solution_to_the_four_squares_puzzle}

[[FourSquares.png:pic]]

\begin{quote}%
$4$ squares. What's the shaded area?


\end{quote}
\hypertarget{solution_by_dissection_and_calculation}{}\subsection*{{Solution by [[Dissection]] and Calculation}}\label{solution_by_dissection_and_calculation}

[[FourSquaresLabelled.png:pic]]

With the points labelled as above, the length of the [[line segment]] $J I$ determines all the other lengths, so let $x$ be this length. Then $A C$ has length $10 - x$, $D E$ has length $x + 2$, and $G F$ has length $8 - x$.

The shaded region can be thought of as the rectangle $B E G J$ without the four corner triangles. The area of rectangle $B E G J$ is $10 \times (x + 10 + x + 2) = 120 + 20 x$, and the areas of the four triangles are as follows.

\begin{itemize}%
\item Triangle $M H J$ has area $\frac{1}{2} (10 + x)x = \frac{1}{2}(10 x + x^2)$
\item Triangle $M B C$ has area $\frac{1}{2} (10 - x)x = \frac{1}{2}(10 x - x^2)$
\item Triangle $C E F$ has area $\frac{1}{2} (12 + x)(x + 2) = \frac{1}{2}(24 + 14 x + x^2)$
\item Triangle $F G H$ has area $\frac{1}{2} (x + 2)(8 - x) = \frac{1}{2}(16 + 6 x - x^2)$

\end{itemize}
In total, this gives $20 x + 20$. The shaded area is therefore $120 + 20 x - 20 x - 20 = 100$.

\hypertarget{solution_by_shearing_and_area_of_a_triangle}{}\subsection*{{Solution by [[Shearing]] and [[Area of a Triangle]]}}\label{solution_by_shearing_and_area_of_a_triangle}

[[FourSquaresSheared.png:pic]]

Split the shaded region into two triangles along a diagonal of the central square, as shown above. Each of the outer lines drawn is parallel to this diagonal and so [[shearing]] the apex of each triangle along its line does not change its area. Each triangle therefore has area equal to half of the central square, and so the area of the shaded region is the same as that of the central square, which is $100$.

\hypertarget{solution_by_invariance_principle}{}\subsection*{{Solution by [[Invariance Principle]]}}\label{solution_by_invariance_principle}

[[FourSquaresInvariant.png:pic]]

The constraint of the width of the configuration being $22$ means that there is not a way to draw this diagram so that the shaded region coincides with the central square. Nevertheless, there is a configuration that allows a simpler calculation, namely when the left and right vertices of the shaded region are level. With the lengths as in the first section, this occurs when $x = 8 - x$, so when $x = 4$. In this configuration, the shaded region can be split into two triangles along a horizontal line from $M$ to $F$, which has length $x + 10 + x + 2 = 20$. The area of the shaded region is therefore $\frac{1}{2} \times 20 \times 10 = 100$.

Note that this does not show that the area is invariant, but shows that \emph{if} the area is assumed to be invariant then it must be $100$.



\end{document}